γ-Aminobutyrate (GABA) Regulated Plant Defense: Mechanisms and Opportunities

Global climate change and associated adverse abiotic biotic stress conditions affect plant growth development, agricultural sustainability in general. Abiotic stresses reduce respiration energy generation mitochondria, resulting the elevated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are employed to transmit cellular signaling information response changing conditions. Excessive ROS accumulation can contribute cell damage death. Production non-protein amino acid γ-aminobutyrate (GABA) is also stimulated, partial restoration respiratory processes production. Accumulated GABA bind directly aluminum-activated malate transporter guard outward rectifying K+ channel, thereby improving drought hypoxia tolerance, respectively. Genetic manipulation metabolism receptors, respectively, reveal positive relationships between levels abiotic/biotic efflux from root heavy metal tolerance. The application exogenous with lower levels, enhanced membrane stability, changes non-enzymatic enzymatic antioxidants, crosstalk among phytohormones. Exogenous may be an effective sustainable tolerance strategy against multiple under field